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Imaging Tests
Imaging tests determine how far the disease has spread and whether treatment has been effective. Common imaging tests include:
- Bone scans – These scans identify bone abnormalities or metastasis.
- Chest X-rays – These X-rays identify abnormalities in the chest area, such as enlarged lymph nodes or tumors.
- Computed tomography (CT) scans – CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body to detect the presence and spread of cancer.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of organs and tissues.
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scans – PET scans detect areas of high metabolic activity, which can indicate cancerous growth.
Bone Marrow Tests
Bone marrow tests are essential to diagnose and classify blood cancers.
During a bone marrow aspiration, your doctor takes a sample of the liquid part of the bone marrow to test for cancer cells.
During a bone marrow biopsy, your doctor takes a sample of the solid part of the bone marrow to obtain more detailed information about the bone marrow cells.
Molecular Genetic Studies
Doctors use molecular genetic studies to identify specific genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities associated with blood cancers.
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study amplifies DNA sequences and is used to detect genetic mutations.
A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study is used to identify chromosomal abnormalities using fluorescent probes.
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)
A spinal tap involves drawing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal to check for the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells. This test helps doctors determine if cancer has spread to the central nervous system.
Biopsy
For a biopsy, a surgeon removes a sample of tissue from a lymph node or tumor mass for microscopic examination.
For an excisional biopsy, a surgeon removes the entire lymph node or tumor mass for detailed analysis.
A lymph node biopsy is performed to diagnose lymphomas. A doctor studies the structure and characteristics of the lymph node cells for abnormalities.