Cramping. Nausea. Pain. When your stomach acts up, you want answers.
"The source of abdominal pain can often be elusive without proper evaluation," says Dr. Neel Choksi, a gastroenterologist at Houston Methodist. "There are many organs positioned in this area and a variety of factors can lead to discomfort."
Dr. Choksi explains the most common causes of stomach pain, as well as other potential culprits, and when it's time to see a doctor.
Why does my stomach hurt?
Constipation is one of the most common reasons for abdominal pain. If it has been a few days or more since your last bowel movement, consider taking a laxative. If the pain or constipation continues, see your doctor. (Related: 5 Home Remedies for Constipation)
Stomach pain can also result from diarrhea and vomiting — a combination often caused by an infection and known as gastroenteritis or stomach flu. Accompanying symptoms may include fever, aches, chills and nausea. To beat this stomach bug, use fever-reducing medicines, get rest and stay hydrated. (Related: What to Eat After Food Poisoning or a Stomach Bug)
"If symptoms persist beyond three to four days, see a physician for evaluation," adds Dr. Choksi. "They can help rule out a more complex issue."
Causes of abdominal pain beyond stomach flu and everyday digestive issues
The stomach, colon and kidneys send signals in the form of abdominal pain to get your attention. So do the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and appendix.
"The key is to pinpoint pain and the problem causing it, so you can be treated and feel better," explains Dr. Choksi. "Consult your health care professional if you experience any acute pain or persistent discomfort."
More serious causes of stomach pain can include:
Gastritis
Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause upper abdominal pain, just below your breastbone, which is often described as a burning feeling. Other symptoms are typically also present, such as nausea, vomiting and feeling full after eating.
"Treatment depends on the specific cause of gastritis," says Dr. Choksi. "Once a diagnosis is made, your doctor will recommend the appropriate medication needed to treat the issue, as well as lifestyle changes to help prevent future occurrences."
Stomach ulcer
The pain from an ulcer is most often felt at the top of the gut, but it may also feel like it's traveling into your back. Stomach ulcer pain might also come and go — particularly at night, waking you up. With some types of ulcers, eating may make the pain better.
"Stomach ulcer treatment is focused around relieving symptoms and promoting healing of the stomach lining," says Dr. Choksi. "These sores can lead to serious complications if left untreated."
Inflammatory bowel disease
There are two main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis — both of which cause inflammation in the gut. The symptoms can vary, depending on the part of the gut affected and the severity of the condition, but common ones include bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and just feeling unwell. These symptoms can flare up from time to time.
"Untreated, the inflammation caused by IBD can lead to serious complications, such as bowel obstructions, fistulas and more," warns Dr. Choksi. "It's important to work with your doctor to receive an accurate diagnosis and ensure the condition remains well managed."
Appendicitis
The appendix is a small pouch that projects from the colon on the lower right side of your abdomen.
"Appendicitis is when it becomes inflamed and filled with pus, requiring surgical removal," says Dr. Choksi. "If not treated, the appendix can burst and lead to a serious infection."
Symptoms include abdominal pain near the navel or lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and fever. Seek medical attention immediately if these warning signs are present.
Kidney stones
A kidney stone is a hard mass that develops when crystals precipitate from urine in the urinary tract. Symptoms, which may come and go, include severe pain that originates in the back, near the ribs, and moves down toward the groin. This may be accompanied by blood in the urine.
"Most kidney stones can be passed through the urinary system with plenty of fluids and pain medication," says Dr. Choksi. "If you have also fever or severe trouble urinating, it's definitely time to contact your doctor."
Gallstones
A gallstone forms when bile hardens in the gallbladder, which becomes more likely when bile contains too much cholesterol or not enough bile salts. Many people with gallstones have no symptoms, but some people experience gallstone "attacks" following fatty meals or at night.
Gallstone symptoms include steady pain in the upper abdomen, migrating pain between the shoulder blades or under the right shoulder, abdominal bloating, intolerance of fatty foods, belching and indigestion.
"They can sometimes be treated with watchful waiting and medications, but oftentimes surgery to remove the gallbladder is needed," adds Dr. Choksi.
Signs to see a doctor about stomach pain
If you know your stomach pain isn't related to common stomach or digestive problems — heartburn, overeating, constipation, gas — it may be a sign of a more serious issue.
Consult your doctor about abdominal pain if it:
- Comes on suddenly and is severe
- Doesn't subside or stop within several hours
- Spreads to other areas of the body, such as the back, shoulder or groin
- Is accompanied by blood in vomit or stool, unexplained weight loss, difficulty breathing and yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
(Related: What to Do If Digestive Problems Are Giving Your Gut Grief)
